Generating Synthetic Automotive Data and Detecting Abnormal Vehicle Behavior Using Unsupervised Machine Learning

The amount of data generated, processed, and stored by the modern vehicle is increasing and this is creating the potential to detect abnormal and potentially dangerous situations occurring. The purpose of this thesis is to portray a lack of information in the area of intrusion detection using automotive data and to lay the foundations of research in intrusion detection using unsupervised machine learning. As vehicles continue to become more connected, there is an increased possibility of them being exploitable through a successful cyberattack. An example of a hacked Jeep Cherokee (Miller, Valasek, (2011)) and a remote exploitation strategy using multiple attack vectors (Checkoway et al, (2011)) was the prime exhibition of a situation where the vehicle can be remotely compromised. These examples demonstrate the potential to exploit aspects of the vehicle’s communication and control systems, resulting in expected behavior. This thesis is focused on detecting attacks targeting a vehicle by identifying abnormal vehicle behavior, exhibited through control data. To achieve this, synthetic vehicle data containing detectable abnormalities is generated and used for analysis and detection to help detect cyberattacks. Unsupervised machine learning techniques are used as a way to detect abnormal entries in-vehicle data. the synthetic data is generated based on datasets comparable with those generated during normal vehicle operations, before being used to insert manually insert skewness to generate abnormalities, before using and evaluating various unsupervised learning algorithms

Life cycle assessment of electric vehicles in comparison to combustion engine vehicles: A review

Electric vehicle (EV) are the future of the automobile industry in terms of reducing the greenhouse gas emissions, air pollution and the better life comfort level all over the world. This paper compares the results obtained by various authors in terms of life cycle assessment (LCA) of EV and conventional vehicles powered by fossil fuels, and the life cycle cost (LCC) analysis of the both types of vehicles, as every new technology comes with an additional cost which need to be feasible with respect to the present trends. And also discuss some of the software used for both type of LCA and LCC analysis. The finding of review concludes that with the adoption of EV there is a reduction in greenhouse gas emissions (GHG) but there is an increase in the human toxicity level due to the larger use of metals, chemicals and energy for the production of powertrain, and high voltage batteries. And in terms of cost it has flexible pricing as there is uncertainty in pricing of future gasoline and electricity mix, higher initial cost at the time of purchasing due to higher pricing of battery.</p

Environmental pollution analysis during the lockdown imposed due to COVID-19: A case study

The Corona Virus Disease of 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic in the year 2020 has become a curse for mankind and their livelihood, and India has not been exempted from it. India currently (August 2020) is among the top five countries in terms of the number of cases and is being reported on a daily basis. This also stems due to India having the world’s second-largest population. The country is being largely run by the informal sector, which has brought the economic sector to a standstill. Essential service sectors such as pharmaceutical, food industry, and logistics are up and running. However, these barely contribute to the country’s economy but have replenished the environment. This manuscript analyzes the environmental effects of enforced lockdown in India on air quality, water quality, and noise levels. In comparison to 2019, levels, air quality, and water quality show positive trends with a reduction in the concentration of major pollutants, such as particulate matter (PM2.5 and PM10), nitrogen dioxide (NO2), ozone (O3), and carbon monoxide (CO). Parts of the India have witnessed up to 44% reduction in the Air Quality Index. Dissolved oxygen (DO) has increased and biochemical oxygen demand (BOD) has decreased in most of the rivers in the country, enhancing the water quality. The noise levels in different parts of the country have declined during this lockdown period. However, the stockpiling of COVID-19 related biomedical waste and lack of proper handling has raised concerns over the spread of the disease. Thus, the study shows that the nature itself is capable enough to reduce the environmental pollution within a span of months.</p

A Comprehensive Review on Developments in Electric Vehicle Charging Station Infrastructure and Present Scenario of India

The transportation sector of the world is in the transformation stage, shifting from conventional fossil fuel-powered vehicles to zero or ultra-low tailpipe emission vehicles. To support this transformation, a proper charging station (CS) infrastructure in combination with information technology, smart distributed energy generating units, and favorable government policies are required. The motive of this paper is to address the key aspects to be taken care of while planning for the charging station infrastructure for electric vehicles. The paper also provides major indagation and developments in planning and technological aspects that are going on for the enhancement of the design and efficient management of charging station infrastructure. The paper addresses the present scenario of India related to electric vehicle charging station developments. The paper specially provides a critical review on the research and developments in the charging station infrastructure, the problems associated with it, and the efforts that are going on for its standardization to help the researchers address the problems

A Comprehensive Study on the Sustainable Transportation System in India and Lessons to Be Learned from Other Developing Nations

The wheel was the first form of transportation developed by early people. Increasing population, longer distances, and shorter travel times need more cheap, faster modes of transportation. Environmental issues were never taken into account when choosing the most cost-effective mode of public transportation. Consequently, in the face of global pollution and warming restrictions, all stakeholders choose modes of transportation with little environmental impact. This has led to the development of sustainable transportation infrastructure, particularly in a country as rapidly developing as India. This paper examines the present situation, legislation, and grading systems for sustainable transportation in India and other developing nations. Furthermore, comparisons of India with developing nations of various continents in different aspects are also present. The difference in cost between a private car and a public vehicle indicates which form of transportation should be chosen. The challenges linked with urban and rural Indian roadways are explored, as well as their respective solutions. In order to accomplish sustainable transportation, traffic density and driver conduct are also considered. This study emphasises that sustainability is not just achieved through the use of cleaner fuel or the modification of road materials, although these are vital. Road design, regulatory changes, psychological behaviour, and transit safety are also crucial

The Astropy Project: Sustaining and Growing a Community-oriented Open-source Project and the Latest Major Release (v5.0) of the Core Package*

The Astropy Project supports and fosters the development of open-source and openly developed Python packages that provide commonly needed functionality to the astronomical community. A key element of the Astropy Project is the core package astropy, which serves as the foundation for more specialized projects and packages. In this article, we summarize key features in the core package as of the recent major release, version 5.0, and provide major updates on the Project. We then discuss supporting a broader ecosystem of interoperable packages, including connections with several astronomical observatories and missions. We also revisit the future outlook of the Astropy Project and the current status of Learn Astropy. We conclude by raising and discussing the current and future challenges facing the Project